![]() ![]() This approach assumes that there are significant differences in spectral characteristics for different vegetation ages-for example, spectral indexes or texture information. Three main approaches are used to extract vegetation age from remote sensing data: (i) approaches using remote sensing images. Remote sensing data have been widely used to determine the age of various types of vegetation. With the development of remote sensing technology, remote sensing data with different temporal and spatial resolutions provide the possibility to classify vegetation and determine its spatial distribution. This study provides a new way to accurately identify the planting year of apple orchards using satellite remote sensing images. Finally, a pixel-by-pixel inverse time series calculation method was used to obtain the planting year of apple orchards in the study area. Subsequently, a Euclidean distance (ED) method was used to calculate the distribution area of apple orchards for each year between 20. Then, the distribution area of apple orchards was defined as the area of interest in the planting year, combined with the Landsat NDVI time series image composed of three characteristic phenological periods each year from 2000 to 2017, and the apple orchard phenological curve. Among them, three characteristic phenological periods were selected, and the NDVI time series for apple orchards was used as a template to extract the apple orchard distribution area from 2000 to 2017. Secondly, using region of interest (ROI) data for different vegetation types obtained from a field survey, NDVI time series were extracted from the Sentinel-2 NDVI spatiotemporally fused image. Firstly, the spatial distribution of apple orchards was accurately extracted using the Sentinel-2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) spatiotemporally fused images and phenological vegetation information. The city of Qixia, Shandong Province, China, was used as a case study. Therefore, the monitoring method provided in this paper is not to monitor the growing year positively from the planting of orchard seedlings but to use time series remote sensing data to reverse determine the continuous growth age of each existing orchard. However, considering that different orchards use different management and cultivation methods, this may result in some trees having similar outlines but different planting years, and it is, therefore, difficult to effectively determine the actual planting year based on textural or structural characteristics. The planting year of apple orchard not only determines the fruit output but also provides information for the governmental management of the fruit industry.
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